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制高点-第18章

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CHARLES POWELL: Gordievsky's information was shared with President Reagan and the Americans; and he was able to play; behind the scenes; a role of extraordinary influence。
查尔斯。鲍威尔(Charles Powell):我们把戈德尔维斯基(Gordievsky)提供的信息提供给里根(Regan)总统,提供给美国人,从而使得戈德尔维斯基(Gordievsky)在幕后产生了非常大的影响。
NARRATOR: Thanks to Gordievsky's intelligence; Western leaders realized that Soviet military might rested on a crumbling economy。
旁白:得益于戈德尔维斯基(Gordievsky)的情报,西方领导人认识到苏联强大的军事力量是以经济的行将崩溃为代价的。
OLEG GORDIEVSKY: The munist administration reported that the economy was growing。 It was not the case。 The economy started to go down all the time; and the deficit was covered only with the help of the oil prices。 And the extra money made it possible to claim that they were successful。 And they were deceiving the world。
奥列格。戈德尔维斯基(Oleg Gordievsky):共产党政府报告说经济在增长,然而这不是事实,苏联经济开始全面下滑,巨额赤字只有靠石油的价格勉强维系,而得益于石油价格多出来的钱使得他们可以宣称他们是成功的。他们在欺骗整个世界。
NARRATOR: Soviet satellites circled the world; and nuclear submarines prowled the oceans。 But after seven decades of munism; the real story of the Soviet economy was one of empty shelves and a standard of living that was a fraction of Western Europe's。
旁白:苏联的社会主义兄弟国家遍布全球,其核潜艇在各大洋游弋。但是在实行了70年的共产主义之后,苏联经济的真实故事呈现在人们面前,到处是空货架,人们的生活水平远低于西欧国家。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY; Economic Reformer: Soviet economy was neither nor。 It was not a Stalinist economy anymore; but it was not a market economy; so it was no water; no fire。 It was a mess。
经济改革家格里格利。叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky):苏联经济是两不象,既不再是斯大林主义的经济,也更谈不上市场经济,不是水,也不是火,一团糟。
NARRATOR: An independentminded young economist; Grigory Yavlinsky; wrote a report on why workers in state mines were so unproductive。
旁白:一位年轻的中立派经济学家,格里格利。叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky),撰写了一份报告,研究了为什么在国有矿山中,工人们如此没有效率。
GRIGORY YAVLINSKY: The people don't want to work。 The people have no incentives。 The economy inside which the people have no incentives have no future。 So you can do two things: Take a gun and put this gun to his head like it was at the Stalin's time; or you have to give him incentives; because he wants to improve the life of his family; and he can't。
格里格利?叶维林斯基(Grigory Yavlinsky):人们没有任何激励,不愿意工作。在一个经济体系中,如果人们得不到有效的激励,那么这个经济体系就是没有前途的,所以你们只能做两件事:要么拿起枪架在人们脑袋上逼他们劳动,就像斯大林时代那样,要么给他们激励,因为他们想提高其家庭的生活水平而又不能。
NARRATOR: Factory managers at Norilsk could see the economy was not working; because the workers were not working。
旁白:诺里尔斯克(Norilsk)的工厂管理人员们可以看到,经济没有在良好地运行着,因为工人们没有好好工作。
VALERY KOVALCHUK; Former Norilsk Factory Manager: You can't work properly under socialism。 There is no incentive。 And sadly; that's the only thing that gets us going。 People e to work and just go through the motions。 They doze off; read papers; do the crosswords。 The state goes on paying them; the state gets poorer; the people get corrupted; then bankruptcy。 And that's what happened  the collapse of a great empire。
前诺里尔斯克制造厂(Norilsk Factory)经理维拉里。科维尔什克(Valery Kovalchuk):在社会主义制度下, 人们无法正常工作,因为没有激励。而令人伤心的是,这是唯一可以让我们动起来的动力。人们上班只是做做样子混日子,他们上班时间打瞌睡,看报纸,猜字谜,而国家要继续照常支付他们薪水,国家越来越穷,人们越来越腐化,然后整个体系破产了,这就是我们所看到的——伟大帝国的坍塌。


Chapter 4: India’s Permit Raj '3:04'
第四章: 印度的许可统治
Onscreen title: New Delhi; India
字幕标题:印度,新德里
NARRATOR: Like the Soviet Union; India had used central planning to industrialize its peasant economy and conquer poverty。 Now India; like governmentdominated economies all over the world; was running into difficulty。
旁白:与苏联一样,印度也试图采用中央计划的方式来实现其农业经济的工业化进程,并希望消除贫困。而现在,像世界上其他政府主导经济一样,印度也陷入了困境。
YASHWANT SINHA; Indian Finance Minister: The government of India went into business in a big way; and they decided to control whatever was there in the private sector also as firmly and fiercely as they could。
印度财政部长YASHWANT SINHA:印度政府对经济的渗透程度很深,政府决定要尽可能严格和牢固地控制私人部门的一切事务。
NARRATOR: The British raj was gone。 Now people were subjected to the ";Permit Raj;"; because everything needed a government permit。 India became a byword for red tape and bureaucracy。 Businessmen found it almost impossible to get things done。
旁白:英国对印度的统治已经结束了,而印度人又遭受了“许可统治”,因为事无巨细,都必须要经过政府许可。印度成了官僚作风盛行的一个代名词,商人们发现要在印度开展业务几乎是不可能的。
NARAYANA MURTHY; Chairman; Infosys Technologies: It used to take us about 12 to 24 months and about 50 visits to Delhi to get a license to import a puter worth 1;500。
Infosys Technologies公司主席NARAYANA MURTHY:要进口一台价值1500美元的计算机,通常要花费我们12到24个月的时间及大约50人次到新德里去跑批文。
NARRATOR: Since it was impossible to work with the system; people learned to work around it。
旁白:由于无法改变这样的体制,人们开始学会各种各样的变通方法。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM; Indian Finance Minister; 19961998: Every license; every permit; was procured by corrupt means。
印度财政部长(19961998) P。 CHIDAMBARAM:每张执照,每个许可证都是通过腐败的行为获得的。
INTERVIEWER: A bribe?
记者:您是指贿赂?
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Well; ";bribe"; is the simpler word; I suppose。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:哦,我想“贿赂”还只是较轻的字眼。
NARRATOR: Selfsufficiency was India's ideal。 To protect its own manufacturing industry; India shut out foreign imports。
旁白:自给自足是印度的理想,为保护它自己的制造业,印度禁止从国外进口。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM: Because of this protected market; the Indian people were being given shoddy goods and services at very high prices。 Enterprise was stifled; and growth was crippled。
P。 CHIDAMBARAM:由于这样的保护性市场,印度人只能以高昂的价格获得低等的商品和服务,企业缺乏生机,经济增长陷入泥潭。
JAIRAM RAMESH; Indian Government Advisor; 19911998: The economic environment was simply not conducive to efficiency or profitability。 We were in a shortage economy。 My father waited 15 years to buy a car。
印度政府顾问(19911998)JAIRAM RAMESH:很明显,经济环境不利于提高效率和盈利,我们是一个短缺经济。我父亲买一辆汽车排队等了15年时间。
NARRATOR: Take India's beloved Ambassador car。 It is made by Hindustan Motors; which started manufacturing in the same year as Japan's Toyota。 Fifty years later; Toyota makes five million cars a year。 Hindustan sells 18;000 Ambassadors; and still to the same design。
旁白:以印度最受欢迎的“大使” (Ambassador)牌汽车为例,这款汽车是由印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)制造的,与日本的丰田(Toyota)同时期投入的生产,50年后,丰田(Toyota)公司年产汽车500万辆,而印度汽车公司(Hindustan Motors)的年销量只有18000辆,而且款式设计仍然与50年前一样。
MANMOHAN SINGH; Finance Minister; 19911996: If you have a controlled economy; cut off from the rest of the world by infinite protection; nobody has any incentive to; in a way。。。 nobody has any incentive to increase productivity; to bring new ideas。
财政部长(19911996) 买买汗。辛格(Manmohan Singh):在管制经济中,通过一系列无穷无尽的保护,把自己与外部世界隔绝开来,这样的环境下,没有人会有动力,某种程度上来说…没有人有任何的动力来提高生产率,提供新思路。
NARRATOR: Overprotected; overadministered; overplanned; the Permit Raj was quite literally a brake on the Indian economy。
旁白:过度保护,过度管制,过度计划,许可统治已经明显地成为了印度经济的一个障碍。


Chapter 5: Latin American Dependencia '2:03'
第五章: 拉丁美洲的依赖
Onscreen title: Latin America
字幕标题:拉丁美洲
NARRATOR: In Latin America; radically different leaders shared India's suspicion of the world economy。 In the 1940s and '50s; it was Juan Peron and his wife; Evita。 In the 1960s; it was munist Cuba's charismatic Fidel Castro。 And in the 1970s; it was Chile's Marxist president Sal
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